Content of lectures: Growth and locomotion (integument, cuticle, molting, muscle contraction, legs and locomotion - crawling, walking, swimming and flying, function of wings). Alimentary canal and digestion (types of digestion, peritrophic membrane, filter chamber, microorganisms, fat body). Gaseous exchange (function of tracheal system in terrestrial and aquatic insects). Excretion (toxic metabolic products, Malpighian tubules, osmoregulation, cryptonefric system). Circulatory system (hemolymph, circulation, heart, immunity). Light production (mechanism and function). External factors affecting insect metabolism (temperature and termoregulation, photoperiod and diapause). Nervous system (basic functioning, mediators, function of insect brain and CNS, controlling behavior). Sense organs (mechanoreception, chemoreception, termoreception, photoreception and vision). Endocrine systém (function and chemical structure of hormones, mode of action, ecdysteroids, juvenile hormones and juvenoids, neurohormones, pheromones). Reproduction (male and female reproductive system, copulation and fertilization, control of reproduction, vitellogenesis). Insect products (function of silk glands, production of silk, honey, wax and venoms). Content of practices: Dissection of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) larvae and Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera) adults - functional anatomy. Insect haemolymph I: bleeding, haemolymph melanization, protein determination using BCA-BSA method in various developmental stages and under various physiological conditions at selected insect species. Female and male protein patterns of Pyrrhocoris apterus (Heteroptera) determined by electrophoretic methods. Haemolymph II: changes of storage compound concentrations (glycids and lipids) during development and under various physiological conditions at selected insect species. Determination of glycide concentration by phenol (anthron) reagens, determinaton of lipids by sulpho-phosphovanillin test. Basic endocrinology techniques: dissection of endocrine organs, brain, corpora allata, corpora cardiaca, prothoracal glands, determination of ecdysteroid production. Other endocrine techniques: ligature, allatectomy, ovariectomy. Lepidopteran silk: silk glands production of G. mellonella (Bombyx mori), changes of silk glands activity during development.
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Gullan P. J. and Cranston P. S.: The Insects: An Outline of Entomology, Chapman & Hall, London, 1995.
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Chapman N. F.: The Insects. Structure and Function. 4th edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998.
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Kleine B., Rossmanith W.G.: Hormones and the Endocrine system, Springer, London, 2016. ISBN 978-3-319-15060-4.
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Kodrík D.: Fyziologie hmyzu, učební texty, ENTÚ AVČR a BF JU v Českých Budějovicích, 2016.
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