State exam questions from Biochemistry (BSc Biological Chemistry). Covers the courses: Biochemistry 1. Biochemistry 2. Biochemistry Laboratory 1. Biochemistry Laboratory 2 Complete topics can be found in the section "Study at the Faculty" website. Students are randomly picking two topics. 1. Nucleic acids structure of nucleosides and nucleotides, the structure of nucleic acids, Central dogma, replication, transcription, translation mutation and chemical modification of nucleotides and its effect on protein structure 2. Amino acids - structure, nomenclature, chemical properties, the role of side chains for the structure of proteins, metabolism of amino acids, glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids 3. Proteins - the peptide bond and its physical and chemical properties, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of proteins, globular and fibrillar proteins, post-translation modification of proteins 4. Sugars - structure, chemical properties, cyclisation, glycosidic bond, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides; polysaccharides; glycoconjugates, glycoproteins, peptidoglycans 5. Lipids - definition of a lipid, examples of lipids including lipids other than fatty acids; fatty acids and their structure, storage role of lipids, triacylglycerols, structural role of lipids, membrane lipids 6. Lipids - the structure of biological membranes, role of individual components of membrane, structure of membrane lipids and its role in membrane function, membrane fluidity, membrane transport, signalization, membrane rafts 7. Enzymes - biochemical principles of enzymes function, enzymatic catalysis, proenzymes, the active site of an enzyme, nomenclature of enzymes, coenzyme, prosthetic group, regulation, and inhibition of enzymatic activity 8. Metabolism - the spontaneity of biochemical reactions, thermodynamics - free energy and entropy, principles of metabolism - anabolism and catabolism, role of redox reactions in metabolism, principal electron carriers, ATP, substrate phosphorylation 9. Metabolism of sugars - glycolysis and its principal function in the organism, a summary of glycolytic reactions, two phases of glycolysis, the energy yield of glycolysis, localization glycolytic reactions in the cell, gluconeogenesis - bypass reactions 10. Metabolism of sugars - anaerobic reactions of pyruvate, oxidation of pyruvate, connection of glycolysis, citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, pentose phosphate pathways 11. Metabolism of lipids - oxidation of fatty acids, its principles and reactions, further fate of oxidation products in the organism, connection to the respiratory chain, differences in the energy metabolism of lipids and sugars, the role of lipids and sugars in energy metabolism 12. Citric acid cycle TCA - the role of TCA in catabolic reactions, localization of TCA in the cell and organelles, TCA reactions and its energy yield, the anabolic role of TCA, anaplerotic reactions 13. Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation - role and primary function of electron transfer in energy metabolism, localization of these reactions in the cell and organelles, individual complexes of the respiratory chain, sources of electrons in the respiratory chain 14. Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation - the connection between electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, structure of ATP, principles of energy accumulation in a molecule of ATP, the structure of ATP synthase and its function ...
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