(1.) Geological structure and evolution of the Neotropics. The historical aspect in biology as a key factor. Present day geomorphology of the Neotropics. (2.) Evolution of the ecosystems, biomes and biogeography from the Mesozoic to recent, contrasts between the epochs. The present Neotropical climates and ecosystems. (3.) Main animal and plant groups that have been the foundation and dominated the ecosystems of the past epochs. The make-up and functioning of the ancient ecosystems, food pyramids. (4.) The evolution of extant animal and plant groups and species. (5.) Gradual cooling and reduction of biodiversity, the Great American Biotic Interchange, the megafaunal extinctions and the resulting formation of present impoverished ecosystems. (6.) The Neotropical region as the still most biodiverse region of the planet. Biodiveristy and its patterns in the Neotropics. The main and most emblematic animal and plant groups of the Neotropics. (7.) Neotropical rivers and wetlands, and their biogeography, faunas and ecologies. (8.) Neotropical rainforests and their ecology. (9.) Neotropical dry lands ecology. (10.) Neotropical seas and coastlines. (11.) Human ecology in the Neotropics. The explorers of the Neotropics. Threats and conservation. The Neotropical pharmacy. (12.) Skills for Neotropical field biologists.
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